69. supalux fire board
3. 12m². It does not contain formaldehyde. A high performance, multi-functional MGO board, offers a fire-safe and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wood, plywood or OSB products. Supalux is a -Class 'O' & A1- non-combustible calcium silicate fire protection board off-white in colour with a smooth sanded face and a lightly textured reverse face. Where there is a requirement for a non-combustible, heat resistant board, to line walls around high temperature multi fuel heating appliances, exceeding 80°C, Promat PROMAFOUR-SUPALUX® can be specified (withstands. It has been given a fire classification of A1, which is the best possible rating products can receive. SUPALUX® — 1-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 33 SUPALUX® — 2-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 34 SUPALUX® — 2-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 35 SUPALUX® — 4-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 36 SUPALUX® suspended ceiling SUPALUX® — 4-hour fire rated suspended ceiling (Integrity only) 37 SUPALUX® + PROMAT® Slim & Light — 3. nts fastened using M4 x 16mm ong sef-tapping at 300mm centres on both sides of the jo. Colour. Weight: 33. Promat Supalux Boards 2440mm x 1220mm (2. 350W/mK. PROMATECT®-100. Overview. FIRE PERFORMANCE:Timber studwork, minimum of 63mm x 50mm at 610mm centres, but sized to suit the dormer construction byPROMATECT ® -L500. This Supalux sanded fire protection building board from Promat is a strong and lightweight building board offering 30-240 minutes of fire protection. Up to 240 minutes fire resistance. 30 (£ 265. Supalux is the ultimate high-performance fire protection board that will not rot, deteriorate or decay. Promat SUPALUX® boards, 9mm thick. 15mm Supalux Promat Fire Protection Board. SUPALUX is off-white in colour and has a smooth finish on one face with a sanded reverse face. 18mm RCM Cemboard Cement Bonded Particle Building Board . Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. Posted August 27, 2015. Knauf Fireshield, a gypsum board - 2 sheets would give 2 hours of fire protection. 44m x 1. Moisture Resistance Promat PROMAFOUR-SUPALUX® boards are hygroscopic and vapour. It can be used in working temperatures of up to 80°C and has up. It is formulated without inorganic fibres and does not contain formaldehyde. Super Customer Service. . SUPALUX is also moisture resistant and can be installed before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. Promat SUPALUX is an A1 non-combustible calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers which can be used for fire protection of ceilings and protected zones. 04m2K/W. Supalux is a -Class 'O' & A1- non-combustible calcium silicate fire protection board off-white in colour with a smooth sanded face and a lightly textured reverse face. Fire protection using Promat Supalux ® and Promat Masterboard ®. Please note that SUPALUX ® is suitable for semi-exposed locations, such as soffits, but boards must be. SUPALUX ®-S is a board made from a calcium silicate matrix reinforced with cellulose fibres. The Promat Supalux Fire Protection Board 2440 x 1220 x 9mm (L x W x T) is a high-performance fire protection board that offers improved moisture resistance and suitability for application within high temperature environments. Supalux is a strong, lightweight non-combustible building board made of a calcium silicate composition and being gypsum-free. not asbestos material but may contain traces of asbestos contamination. £203. BBS Facades carry stock of all popular Fire Protection Boards and can cut to size prior to delivery or collection. blue asbestos mixtures used until 1971, then brown and white. 25mm Kingspan Kooltherm K15 Rainscreen Board ( Pack-12 )KIAB Super Member. 18+, T&C apply, Credit subject to status. Certification of 12mm Promat. 88m2) (057/064/1125) 2 - 3 WORKING DAY DELIVERY. Breather paper required over outside board surface. Weight/m2: 11. 00 . Gyproc FireLine MR Plasterboard, a gypsum board available in 12. Supalux is the. It boasts enhanced moisture resistance and is suitable for a variety of applications in steel and timber frame constructions, mezzanine floors, shaft-wall installations, and doors. 20mm SUPALUX Promat 2440x1220. Material SUPALUX System Description 2 layers of 12mm thick SUPALUX screw fixed to each side of 40 x 150 x 40 x 0. With our many years of experience in the passive fire sector and our access to some of the world’s most established and respected suppliers Comfortech Building Performance Solutions® should be your first stop for any Passive Fire Protection questions. A strong and lightweight building board offering 30-240 minutes of fire protection, this Promat Supalux building board delivers 30 plus years of proven performance across. £199. CSS CLADDING LIMITED is a nationwide manufacturer and supplier of Decorative Cladding, Insulation,Facade Systems, Frame and Fixings, Building Boards, Fire Protection Products, Panel Fabrication and CNC Service to the Construction and Engineering industries. FPBB0102. Promat Supalux Fire Protection Board 15mm x 1220mm x 2440mm. Promat SUPALUX ® is non-combustible and can provide fully certified fire protection of up to 240 minutes. with board, paint, spray etc) is required to preserve the stability of the building structure in the event of fire. 320W/mK. Attribute: Value: Maximum. I used supalux fire board available from travis perkins. Price adjustmentBasements require 30 minutes fire resistance regardless of the height of the building. PROMAT MONOLUX. Please consult Promat on 0800 145 6033 if. Promat have provided and manufactured fire resistant board for over 30 years now, all of which are high-quality containing fireproof materials that offer premium protection. They can be used for example to protect structures (steel, concrete, timber and composite), create fire compartmentation and for ducts that control the heat and smoke during a fire. No other board can deliver the same peace of mind with 30 plus years of proven. A1, non-combustible. Promat UK. SUPALUX can be left undecorated, and also SUPALUX can easily finished with paints, wallpapers or tiles. 2. Gypsum Plasterboard 5. 170W/mK. Examples of applications for non-combustible boards SUPALUX ®-S : Fire resistant partitions, fire resistant ceilings suspended beneath wood, steel and concrete floors with direct. Price: £ 221. It is A1 Non Combustible, fire resistant, and suitable for use in damp or humid. dimensionally stable board through an autoclave process where the. Promat 4193 Supalux Full Sheet Fire Boards 2440 x 1220 x 12mm. New ceiling lining: Timber floor constructions should normally be tested or assessed in accordance with BS 476-21 and are required to satisfy the three failure criteria. 99. Returns & exchanges accepted. Board area: 2. 56 inc VAT) Click to view discountsrequires 60 minutes fire resistance, both internally and externally. 05m2K/W. 34 inc VAT)Supalux Fireboard Supalux Board Fire Proof Board Fire Board 8ft x 4ft Merchanting. 9mm Promat SUPALUX Bevelled Edge Ceiling Tiles. 03m2K/W. SUPALUX is a high performance fire protection board with a number of improved features. 2. In Stock 3-5 Days. Fire protective boards are an essential part of the fire safety of a building. Supalux® is off white in colour and has a smooth sanded surface on one side, with. O Centre Stephenson Road Segensworth, Fareham Hampshire, PO15 5RU 19 CE-0843-CPR-0538 0843 ETA - 19/0727 ASTRO PFP FR BOARD “ See ETA - 19/0727 for Relevant characteristics. £. 330W/mK. PromaX ® technology provides excellent fire performance in most applications. PROMATECT ® -L500 is off white in colour and has a smooth sanded surface on one face with a lightly honeycombed. Get comprehensive list of PROMAT dealers UAE, PROMAT branded products, agents, distributors, search brands in UAE brand directory - atninfo. Supalux boards are often specified by Building Laws where class O non-combustibility is a necessity situation. Get a Selco Trade Card or login now. CONSTRUCTION (FROM THE INTERNAL SIDE) 1. This board can be used in a range of applications such as internal partitions, internal/external walls, ceilings. 12mm. 15mm Promat Promafour Non-combustible Board (3. Calcium Silicate Board For Steel Protection / Smoke Barriers / Fire Resistant Walls / Ceilings & Duct Works6mm SUPALUX Promat 2440x1220. Rockwool SP Fire Stop Plus Slab Fire Boards 75mm x 1000mm x 1200mm. Add to Cart Add to Wish List Compare this Product Quickview. 43. Made from calcium silicate, it comes reinforced with selected fibres and fillers for impact resistance and is ideal for industrial applications. Rock wool, minimum 30mm x 60 kg/m³ or 60mm x 23 kg/m³. 56 inc VAT) Click to view discountsrequires 60 minutes fire resistance, both internally and externally. Examples of applications for non-combustible boards SUPALUX ®-S : Fire resistant partitions, fire resistant ceilings suspended beneath wood, steel and concrete floors with direct. 76kg. As a versatile Class 0 rated board, it is perfect for internal partitions, external walls, roofs, floors. £ 283. Promat SUPALUX® THATCH is a non- combustible, micro porous, calcium silicate board (size 1. Promat SUPALUX® fillets, 75mm wide x 9mm thick. Steel loses its loadbearing capacity at a temperature in excess of 550°C during a fire; therefore structural steel protection (e. It has been given a fire classification of A1, which is the best possible rating. </p><p>Fire resisting walls used for partitioning buildings and enclosing compartments will be required to provide a barrier to the passage of fire from one side or the other and must therefore be also to satisfy. Certification of 15mm Promat. Provides coverage of 2. SUPALUX is also moisture resistant and can be installed before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. Supalux® is off white in colour and has a smooth sanded surface on one side, with. Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. PROMAT SUPALUX SANDED. Fire protection using Promat Supalux® and Promat Masterboard® Download. Plasterboard with superior fire resistance • 60 minutes fire resistance from a 15mm single layer system • Achieves Part B building regulations (fire) • Integrated vapour control layer. 0. 5m above ground level, a protected escape is required (fire doors etc to staircase), however this approach can also be used in lieu of escape windows at lower floor levels. Promat Supalux® is a strong, lightweight non-combustible building board for use in many fire resisting and general purpose building applications. Promat SUPALUX is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible fire protection building board offering up to 240 minutes fire resistance. Product Information: The ultimate and original high-performance fire protection board. Provides coverage of 2. £ 99. Made from calcium silicate, it comes reinforced with selected fibres and fillers for impact resistance and is ideal for industrial applications. 55. ) which, thanks to their intumescent power, ensure fire performance on the surface of the hoppers ( expansion in contact with heat from 150 ° C). Boards fixed to timber studs using minimum 50mm long round head nails at nominal 150mm centres. The material contains neither inorganic fibres nor formaldehyde. 74m2. VAT. 49. 242W/m°K SUPALUX® Fire protective construction board Product description SUPALUX® is a non-combustible calcium silicate board9mm Promat Supalux A1 Fire Rated is a high-performance calcium silicate fire protection board with up to 240 minutes fire rating used in steel and timber frame, mezzanine floors, shaft-wall and doors installations. 75kg. 72. 9mm SUPALUX Promat is a high performance, lightweight, non-combustible building board for use in many fire resisting and general purpose building applications. OSB, to be confirmed by structural engineer) fixed with 2. Wickes board Insulation is easy to cut, handle and can be used on floors and walls. 15mm. Weight: 44. 3. £ 267. Get Best Price Add to Wish List. VERMICULUX ® -S is an A1 non-combustible calcium silicate board which provides up to 240 minutes fire protection to structural steel. 01752 692 206. Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. The system requires Promat 9 mm Supalux fire board to cover any exposed steel surfaces. 5. Working with architects, specifiers and specialist contractors, and with our specialist product range and application knowledge, we provide alternative choices in the critical areas of fire protection and fire stopping. Price: £ 83. Calcium silicate board Fire protective External cladding. Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. £208. SINIAT FIRE BOARD. 30 (£265. This is for the following build up (bottom to top): Cedar, fire board, phenolic insulation board (£££!), CLT. Supalux fire board, " "Guys - has anyone successfully solved this? My fire is mounted in a brick surround so no plasterboard issues and after trying 12 hour full power burns and adding vents I still have this disgusting acidic smell that appears 15 minutes after having the fire on full power. SUPALUX is also moisture resistant and can be installed before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. £13. Damp or humid conditions. SUPALUX® can be left undecorated or. MASTERBOARD ® is off-white in colour and has a smooth finish on one face with a sanded reverse face. Compressive Strength: 7000kPa. Space is tight due to window heights, 9mm board was specified. Examples of applications for non-combustible boards SUPALUX ®-S : Fire resistant partitions, fire resistant ceilings suspended beneath wood, steel and concrete floors with direct. 60 minutes fire rating, loadbearing capacity, integrity and insulation in accordance with the criteria of BS 476: Part 21: 1987. Promat Supalux Fire Protection Board 9mm x 1220mm x 2440mm. Slate or tile on its own, wont resist. With an A1 non-combustible classification Multipurpose offers the highest level of fire rated performance making it an. Ex-Vat. 98. How to install Celotex insulation boards; SuperFOIL multifoil insulation guide; Ask our Super team. £139. Promat’s fire-resistant products include:. Our handy guide helps you compare different. Fire Protection Boards can be. 2m x 0. Insulation Boards. A fire resistant shaftwall system that can be installed prior to the building being 'dry'. PROMATECT ® -XW is A1 non-combustible and gives up to 60 minutes fire protection to structural steel columns and beams. SUPALUX® - 2440 x 1220 mm. you can risk and paint over the crazing you probably won’t be able to see it, or seen as it’s such a small area anyway get him to give it a weak pva first then a strong pva and reskim it won’t craze on the second skimHave the wrapping handy to enclose it as soon as it is released. Examples of applications for non-combustible boards SUPALUX®-S : Fire resistant. No other board can deliver the same peace of mind with 30 plus years of proven performance. 00 + VATFeatures & Benefits. PROMATECT®-100. Steel Section. Fastened to steel framework with M4 x 25mm self-tapping screws at convenient centres. Stores can offer delivery of materials on the same-day purchased, based on scheduling availability. Delivery. System designs are tested and assessed for a variety of ceiling applications to meet the high demands of the modern construction environment. Promat SUPALUX is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible fire protection building board offering up to 240 minutes fire resistance. Your not under regs though so you can use what you want within reason. PROMATECT ® -XW is a high performance fire protection board, used for the protection of structural steel, with excellent weather resistance and fast installation. 88kg. A1 Non-combustible reinforced calcium silicate fire protection board. 2 SUPALU Passive Fire Protection Contents Defining types of fire 3 Fire resistance test standards — fire reaction in testing of materials and products 4 Fire resistance test. However, if you are going to actually use the fire I have. 88m 2. £ 718. SUPALUX®-S is a board made from a calcium silicate matrix reinforced with cellulose fibres. 25. Joint 9mm Promat SUPALUX® coverstrips each side of horizontal backing: board joints, fastened using M4 x 16mm self-tapping screws at nominal 300mm centres. The cement board is smooth (one side smooth, one side slightly textured) and can be painted with bog-standard emulsion. You can only make an offer when buying a single item. Promat SUPALUX® and MASTERBOARD® boards provide a quick and economical method of upgrading existing latched single leaf, single acting panelled timber doors to achieve 30 minutes fire integrity – FD30. The board is non-combustible simple to work and fix, easy to decorate, resistant to the. Composition: Aerated Calcium sulphate di-hydrate with fire-resisting fillers and fibres enclosed inside a tough pink paper with bound edges. Promat SUPALUX is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible fire protection building board offering up to 240 minutes fire resistance. SUPALUX fire resistant systems. 242W/m°K SUPALUX® Fire protective construction board Product description SUPALUX® is a non-combustible calcium silicate board 9mm Promat Supalux A1 Fire Rated is a high-performance calcium silicate fire protection board with up to 240 minutes fire rating used in steel and timber frame, mezzanine floors, shaft-wall and doors installations. In the case of a floor over 4. VAT. Promat MASTERBOARD ® is a versatile Class 0 building board suitable for use in a wide range of internal and semi-exposed applications. Gyproc FireLine MR Plasterboard, a gypsum board available in 12. Promat UK was formed in 1984 and is a subsidiary of Promat International, part of Etex, a Belgian industrial group manufacturing and marketing high quality building materials and insulation systems. 5 self-drilling self-tapping screws at 200mm centres, fixed on both sides of the joint. Supalux is a -Class ‘O’ & A1- non-combustible calcium silicate fire protection board off-white in colour with a smooth sanded face and a lightly textured reverse face. The result. Please contact us for a fire boarding quotation and delivery charge. Promat Masterboard 6 x 1220 x 2440mm. SUPALUX®-S is a board made from a calcium silicate matrix reinforced with cellulose fibres. Promat Supalux Fire Protection Board can be used in steel and timber frame, mezzanine floors, shaft-wall and doors installations. It is formulated without inorganic fibres and does not contain formaldehyde. SUPALUX® — 1-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 32 SUPALUX® — 1-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 33 SUPALUX® — 2-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 34 SUPALUX® — 2-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 35 SUPALUX® — 4-hour fire rated ceiling membrane 36 SUPALUX® suspended ceiling SUPALUX® — 4-hour fire rated suspended ceiling. 240W/mK. Product code: 225437. Up to 240 minutes fire resistance. Up to 240 minutes fire resistance. 48kg. Price: £ 221. This system is approved for 2 hour fire resistance according to BS 476: Part 22: 1987, height up to 3. If it is not freed by just removing the screw then I would leave it for a specialist. This allows other trades to start earlier, thus speeding up the building programme. Main Advantages. Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. Ex VAT:£ 82. Buy online or in. Density: 950kg/m3. 1 - SUPALUX® is a fire protective product and its intended use is to protect building elements against fire or to be used in building assemblies as specified hereafter:Promat SUPALUX is an A1 non-combustible calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers which can be used for fire protection of ceilings and protected zones. 8mm diameter annular shank nails at 150mm maximum centres. Promat SUPALUX® fillet/coverstrip, 50mm wide, each side 6mm. Promat SUPALUX is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers. 98m2. Fire Protection Boards can be. fillers, 100% asbestos free The SUPALUX® formula is cured to form a. 22m x 9mm. Made from calcium silicate, it comes reinforced with selected fibres and fillers for good impact resistance - ideal for industrial applications. g. 38kg. Promat SUPALUX® is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible building board, fully certified for constructions offering between 60 and 240 minutes ire resistance. It is formulated without inorganic fibres and does not contain formaldehyde. 69. vat. 30 plus years proven performance. Relevant identified uses of the Article and uses advised against 1. 12mm Promat Supalux A1 Fire Rated is an original fire protection board Class A1 with up to 240 minutes fire rating and improved moisture resistance that can be used in steel and timber frame, mezzanine floors, shaft-wall and doors installations. The Promat SUPALUX is a strong high-performance fire protection board suitable for high-temperature environments. Click & Collect Available for collection. SUPALUX ®: a non-combustible board which can withstand a maximum continuous operating temperature of 80°C. SUPALUX® board fixed to stud and perimeter channels through the fillets using M4 x 38mm self-tapping screws at 200mm nominal centres. 14 . I have just googled MO boards, it appears that their use invalidates a number of structural warranties so I imagine that BC wouldn’t be keen. 96. Overview. The result is a board that is lightweight, has a high impact resistance, high fire resistance, and with all the excellent qualities that SUPALUX has been delivering to a loyal following of. A Cheaper Alternative to Supalux, Masterboard and Glasroc. Fire Protection Insulation; Insulation Board; Insulation Slab; Loft Roll Insulation; Multifoil Insulation;. . Speakers slates. Quantity: UK delivery time: Promat SUPALUX is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible fire protection building board offering up to 240 minutes fire resistance. Spray coating. 30 - 240 minutes fire resistance. 2. 1. FIRE RATING Supalux is a non-combustible product that offers fire resistance ranging from 60 to 240 minutes . It can be left undecorated or can be easily decorated with paints, wallpapers. Provides coverage of 2. (Supalux Fire Resistant Board) Supalux Board is a calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibers and fillers. Products in Fireboard: Showing 1 - 2 of 2 products. 04m2K/W. Contact us today for more information. MONOLUX® is a rigid, lightweight non-combustible building board for use in fire resisting constructions and linings • Can be used in constructions providing up to 240 minutes fire resistance • A suitable substrate for hard or soft veneers. 05m2K/W. Detail 4 – Board Fixing Detail 3 5 2 4 1 Smoke kills more people in fires than heat, flames or. It is A1 Non Combustible, fire resistant, and suitable for use in damp or humid conditions, with a smooth finish and bevelled edge panels. PROMAT SUPALUX 15mm is a strong off-white in colour original fire protection board capable of being. Promat SUPALUX is a strong, lightweight, non-combustible fire protection building board offering up to 240 minutes fire resistance. Add to Wish List Add to Compare. The cupboard can use any suitable materials for 30 minutes. £203. 12mm SUPALUX Promat is a high performance,. The board is non-combustible simple to work and fix, easy to decorate, resistant to the . Collection. nt. Browse our fire resistant boards suitable for drylining, wall lining & ceiling systems where increased fire protection is needed. 240 minutes fire. 15mm Glasroc F FireCase Fire Protection Board BG. VERMICULUX ® -S is an A1 non-combustible calcium silicate board which provides up to 240 minutes fire protection to structural steel. Edge glue is PVA. Height exceeding 3. T - 01329 844500 F - 132 Page 2 W - E - sales@astroflame. Made from calcium silicate, it comes reinforced with selected fibres and fillers for good impact resistance - ideal for industrial applications. Secure boards to each other at corners, and to soldiers, using steel chisel point staples, 50mm x 12. The board is non-combustible simple to work and fix, easy to decorate, resistant to the . The product is dimensionally stable and resistant to the effects of moisture. 2 Water resistance (maximum total water absorption when tested to EN15283-1, %) 5Ceilings. Performance Data Fire Performance Promat PROMAFOUR-SUPALUX® is a non-combustible board in accordance with BS 476: Part 4 and BS EN 13501-1 (A1 classification) and can withstand a maximum continuous operating temperature of 1000°C. It is formulated without inorganic fibres and does not contain formaldehyde. Supalux Fire Board 15mm is proven to give you 35 years of performance within high-temperature environments. It is formulated without. Knauf Fire Panel offers superior fire protection, Finished with a square edge it is intended to be used in between either side of a partition it provides up to one hour of fire resistance which can be achieved with a single layer or two hour resistance with a double layer application. Price: £ 221. FIRE RATED BOARD. Density: 920kg/m 3. Fire-resistant boards are perfect both as a construction and insulation material and fireboards with pattern can be used as a decorative cover for fireplaces and stoves. Interests:Fire Safety. Reaction to fire: Euroclass A2-s1, d0. Promat. PROMATECT®-200 is a non-combustible mineral bound fibre reinforced calcium silicate board, based on PROMAXON®-technology. 79 (£363. A strong and lightweight building board offering 30-240 minutes of fire protection, this Promat Supalux building board delivers 30 plus years of proven performance across many building applications. Can be installed before the building is weathertight. PDS Glasroc X Sheathing Board 12. The ultimate high-performance fire protection board from Promat. FIRE PERFORMANCE:Timber studwork, minimum of 63mm x 50mm at 610mm centres, but sized to suit the dormer construction byPromat SUPALUX is a non-combustible calcium silicate board reinforced with selected fibres and fillers which can be used for fire protection of internal partitions and external walls. Thermal Conductivity: 18. It offers good thermal insulation and stability during fire exposure and is easily workable with machine and hand tools. Knauf Fireshield, a gypsum board - 2 sheets would give 2 hours of fire protection. The material contains neither inorganic fibres nor formaldehyde. 9mm Promat SUPALUX Bevelled Edge Ceiling Tiles. No other board can deliver the same peace of mind with 30 plus years of proven performance. Fire boards are also ideal for ceiling and semi-exposed applications, including tile backing. It is formulated without inorganic fibres and does not contain formaldehyde. SUPALUX is also moisture resistant and can be installed before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. com. Trade name: SUPALUX ® issued: 10/03/08 Supersedes version: 11/10/06 Version: PUK - SDS SUPALUX - (PIdoc T2) - English 10 03 2008 Page 1 of 5 Promat 1. Find the product datasheets, system brochures, Declarations of Performance, installation manuals and other documents you need to get the job done. Checkout our top links below: The Builders Guide to Fire Protection.